Essay --

Kidneys are very important organs. Their main responsibility is to filter harmful toxins from the blood, which are then excreted in the urine. The urine then flows through the ureters and into the bladder. When the bladder is full, the sensation to urinate arises and the urine is emptied through the urethra. Sometimes the crystals that are found in urine bind together and become big enough to develop into a kidney stone. I have yet to encounter anyone who has had this issue, but I have heard from other people that kidney stones can be very painful. Knowing the flow of urine and how small ureters are gives me chills just thinking about the pain someone might have to endure. Kidney stones differ in size and shape and can either be smooth or pointy. They can be the size of a sand particle or the size of a golf ball. There are even some stones that can fill the entire kidney; these are known as staghorn stones. Infections are the usual culprits for this type of stone. Calcium, very common in dairy products, is what the majority of stones are created from. Other chemicals tha...

Review Chemistry Chapter 4

CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 4. 1Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. O2 C. H2SO4 D. C6H12O6 (glucose) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4. 2Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. N2 C. KOH D. C2H6O (ethanol) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4. 3Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. CH3COOH (acetic acid) C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. O2 E. NaCl Answer: B 4. 4Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. NH3 C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. N2 E. KClAnswer: B 4. 5Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaF B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. NaOH E. C6H12O6 (glucose) Answer: E 4. 6Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaOH B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. KF E. C2H6O (ethanol) Answer: E 4. 7Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of NaNO3. M A. Na2+, NO3 – B. Na+, N3 â€⠀œ , O3 C. Na+, N3 -, O32 – D. Na+, N+, O2 – E. Na+, NO3 – Answer: E 4. 8Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. E A. Ca2+, H+, O2 – B. Ca2+, OH2- C. Ca+, H-, O2 – D.Ca2+, O2H22 – E. Ca2+, OH – Answer: E 4. 9The distinguishing characteristic of all electrolyte solutions is that they: E A. contain molecules B. conduct electricity C. react with other solutions D. always contain acids E. conduct heat Answer: B 4. 10According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. NaCl B. MgBr2 C. FeCl2 D. AgBr E. ZnCl2 Answer: D 4. 11According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. Na2SO4 B. BaSO4 C. CuSO4 D. MgSO4 E. Rb2SO4 Answer: B 4. 2According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. CaCO3 B. (NH4)2CO3 C. Na2CO3 D. K2CO3 E. KNO3 Answer: A 4. 13According to the solubili ty rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. Hg2Cl2 B. Na2S C. Ag2CO3 D. Ag2S E. BaSO4 Answer: B 4. 14According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. AgBr B. AgCl C. Ag2CO3 D. AgNO3 E. Ag2S Answer: D 4. 15According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. (NH4)3PO4 B. Ca3(PO4)2 C. AlPO4 D.Ag3PO4 E. Mg3(PO4)2 Answer: A 4. 16According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. CaSO4 B. BaSO4 C. PbSO4 D. K2SO4 Answer: D 4. 17In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions containing about 0. 1 g of Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KI(aq) /100 mL are mixed? A. KNO3 will precipitate; Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions. B. No precipitate will form. C. Pb(NO3)2 will precipitate; K+ and I- will be spectator ions. D. PbI2 will precipitate; K+ and NO3- will be spectator ions. E. Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions, and PbI2 will precipitat e. Read this Practice Test Chem 105Answer: D 4. 18In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of CuSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq) are mixed? A. CuCl2 will precipitate; Ba2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. CuSO4 will precipitate; Ba2+ and Cl – will be spectator ions. C. BaSO4 will precipitate; Cu2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. BaCl2 will precipitate; Cu2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: C 4. 19In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of ZnSO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq) are mixed? A.ZnCl2 will precipitate; Mg2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. ZnSO4 will precipitate; Mg2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. C. MgSO4 will precipitate; Zn2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. MgCl2 will precipitate; Zn2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: E 4. 20Which of the following is the correct net ioni c equation for the reaction that occurs M when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NH4Cl are mixed? A. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) > NH4NO3(aq) + PbCl2(s) B. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) > PbCl2(s) C. Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) > 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + PbCl2(s) D.NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq) > 2NH4NO3 Answer: B 4. 21The common constituent in all acid solutions is: M A. H2 B. H+ C. OH- D. H2SO4 E. Cl- Answer: B 4. 22Identify the ions present in an aqueous solution of LiOH. E A. Li2+, O- , H- B. Li+, OH- C. LiO-, H+ D. Li+, O2 – , H+ E. Li – , OH+ Answer: B 4. 23Identify the major ions present in an aqueous solution of HNO3. E A. HN+, O2 – B. OH- , NO3- C. OH- , NO+ D. H+, N3-, O2 – E. H+, NO3- Answer: E 4. 24What choice gives the correct formula of the salt formed in the neutralization Ereaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide? A. CaO B.CaCl2 C. CaH2 D. CaCl E. CaClH Answer: B 4. 25What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of Ehydr obromic acid with Mg(OH)2? A. MgBr B. Mg2Br3 C. Mg3Br2 D. Mg2Br E. MgBr2 Answer: E 4. 26What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of nitric acid M with Ca(OH)2? A. CaNO3 B. Ca2(NO3)3 C. Ca3(NO3)2 D. Ca2NO3 E. Ca(NO3)2 Answer: E 4. 27What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of sodium Mhydroxide with sulfuric acid? A. NaSO3 B. Na2(SO4)3 C. Na(SO4)2 D. Na2SO4 E. Na3SO4 Answer: D 4. 8What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of potassium M hydroxide (KOH) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)? A. KSO3 B. K2(SO4)3 C. K2SO4 D. K(SO4)2 E. KSO4 Answer: C 4. 29The oxidation number of N in NaNO3 is: M A. +6 B. +5 C. +3 D. – 3 E. none of these Answer: B 4. 30The oxidation number of S in K2SO4 is: M A. +6 B. +4 C. +2 D. – 1 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 31The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is: M A. +8 B. +7 C. +5 D. – 7 E. – 8 Answer: B 4. 32The oxidation number of Fe in K3Fe(CN)6 is: H A. +3 B. +2 C. +1 D. – 3 E. – 4 Answer: A 4. 3The oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72 – is: H A. – 12 B. – 7 C. – 2 D. +6 E. +7 Answer: D 4. 34The oxidation number of Cl in ClO3- is: H A. – 1 B. +7 C. +5 D. +3 E. none of these Answer: C 4. 35The oxidation number of Cl in ClO4- is: H A. – 1 B. +1 C. +3 D. +5 E. none of these Answer: E 4. 36The maximum oxidation number of nitrogen is: H A. +8 B. +5 C. +3 D. +1 E. – 3 Answer: B 4. 37The highest possible oxidation number of carbon is: M A. +8 B. +6 C. +4 D. +2 E. – 4 Answer: C 4. 38Select the compound below in which sulfur has its highest possible oxidation number.H A. H2S B. SO2 C. Na2SO4 D. H2SO3 E. SCl2 Answer: C 4. 39The oxidation number of N in N2H4 is: M A. +4 B. – 4 C. +2 D. – 2 E. 0 Answer: D 4. 40Which choice below gives the oxidation numbers for all three elements in Rb2SO3 Mcorrectly, and in the order shown in the formula? A. – 2, +6, – 2 B. â €“ 1, +4, – 3 C. +2, +4, – 2 D. +1, +4, – 2 E. +1, +6, – 6 Answer: D 4. 41Which one of the following is a redox reaction? M A. H+(aq) + OH – (aq) > H2O(l) B. 2KBr(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) > 2KNO3(aq) + PbBr2(s) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) E. CO32 – + HSO4- > HCO3- + SO42 – Answer: D 4. 42Which of the following reactions does not represent an oxidation- Mreduction reaction? A. 3Al + 6HCl > 3H2 + AlCl3 B. 2H2O > 2H2 + O2 C. 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 > PbCl2 + 3NaNO3 D. 2NaI + Br2 > 2NaBr + I2 Answer: C 4. 43In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ > 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 A. H2O2 B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. O2 Answer: B 4. 44In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5S + 6KNO3 + 2CaCO3 > 3K2SO4 + 2CaSO4 + CO2 + 3N2 A. S B. N2 C. KNO3 D. CaSO4 E. CaCO3Answer: C 4. 45Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: H 2MnO4- + 5H2SO3 > 2Mn2+ + 5SO42 – + 4H+ + 3H2O A. MnO4- B. H2SO3 C. Mn2+ D. SO42 – E. H+ Answer: A 4. 46Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction: H 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) > 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) A. Fe2+ B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. Fe3+ Answer: A 4. 47Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction. M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O > Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. NiO2 C. H2O D. Cd(OH)2 E. Ni(OH)2 Answer: A 4. 48What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M 3Cu + 8HNO3 ? Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O A. Cu B. H C. N D. O E. H2O Answer: A 4. 49What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O > Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. Ni C. O D. H Answer: A 4. 50What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M H2SO4 + Cd(OH)2 > 2H2O + CdSO4 A. H B. S C. O D. Cd E. none of these Answer: E 4. 51What element is reduced in the following reaction? M Cu + 2H2SO4 > CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O A. Cu B. H C. S D. O E. H2O Answer: C 4. 52Predict the products of the following displacemen t reaction. M Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) > A. CuS(s) + Fe2SO4(aq)B. Fe(s) + Cu(s) + SO4(aq) C. Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) D. FeCuSO4 E. FeO(s) + CuSO3(aq) Answer: C 4. 53Complete and balance the following half-reaction. M ClO- + e- > Cl- (basic solution) The balanced half-reaction will show which of the following: A. two hydroxide ions on the right side B. one electron on the left side C. six H+ ions on the right side D. six H+ ions on the left side E. two water molecules on the left side Answer: A 4. 54Complete and balance the following redox equation. When balanced with Mwhole number coefficients, the coefficient of S is: H2S + HNO3 > S + NO (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. E. 6 Answer: C 4. 55When balanced, what is the coefficient of Sn in the equation? M Sn + HNO3 > SnO2 + NO2 + H2O (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Answer: A 4. 56Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2O M when the equation is balanced with the smallest whole number coefficient s? MnO4- + SO32 – > Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 8 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 57Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2S Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers?H2S + MnO4- > Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 58Complete and balance the following redox equation. What is the coefficient of H2O Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – > MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 59Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of OH- Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – > MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of theseAnswer: B 4. 60Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole- Mnumber coefficients. Now sum the coefficients of all species in the balanced equation. Remember the coefficients equal to one. The sum of the coefficients is: BrO3- (aq) + Sb3+(aq) > Br – (aq) + Sb5+(aq) (acidic solution) A. 4 B. 12 C. 13 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 61Complete and balance the following redox reaction with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients. M When correctly balanced the sum of all the coefficients in the equation will be: (Recall, the absence of a coefficient is understood to be a 1)PbO2(s) + Cl- > Pb2+ + Cl2(g) (acidic solution) A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 9 E. 11 Answer: E 4. 62Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole Mnumber coefficients possible. What is the sum of the coefficients? (Remember the coefficients equal to one. ) HI + HNO3 > I2 + NO (acidic solution) A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 63Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is t he sum of the coefficients? MnO4- + Br – > Mn2+ + Br2 (acidic solution) A. 6 B. 17 C. 1 D. 29 E. 43 Answer: E Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Bi(OH)3 + SnO2 2 – > Bi + SnO32 – (basic solution) A. 32 B. 25 C. 16 D. 13 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 65Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Br2 > BrO3- + Br- (basic solution) A. 9 B. 12 C. 18 D. 21 E. none of these Answer: C 4. 66Which of the following is a displacement reaction? E A. NaN3(s) > 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) B. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) > 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) C. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) > 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) D. 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) > 2PCl3(g) E. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) > 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) Answer: B 4. 67Which of the following is a halogen displacement reaction? E A. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) B. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) > 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. 2KNO3(s) > 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) E. 2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Answer: A 4. 68Which of the following is a precipitation reaction? M A. 2H2(g) + O2(g) > 2H2O(l) B. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) C. KNO3(s) > 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) Answer: B 4. 69Which of the following is an acid-base neutralization reaction? E A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) B. SO2(g) + H2O(l) > H2SO3(g) C. LiOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) > LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: C 4. 7025. 0 mL of a 0. 175 M solution of KOH is diluted with pure water to a final Mvolume of 750. 0 mL. What is the final molarity of the KOH solution? 0. 00583 M 0. 0163 M 0. 0333 M 0. 229 MAnswer: A 4. 71Consider the solution reaction AlCl3 + 3AgNO3 > 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3. M What volume of 0. 100 M AlCl3 will exactly react with 55. 0 mL of 0. 162 M AgNO3? 89. 1 mL 9. 90 mL 46. 2 mL 29. 7 mL Answer: D 4. 72What is the molarity of a solution in which 26. 0 grams of BaCl2 M(molar mass = 208. 2 g/mol) are dissolved in enough water to make 450. 0 mL of solution? 0. 278 M 0. 617 M 1. 00 M 3. 41 M Answer: A 4. 73If 40. 0 mL of H2SO4 solution reacts with 0. 212 g of Na2CO3, what is the Mmolarity of the H2SO4 solution? Na2CO3 + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 0. 50 M 0. 10 M 0. 20 M 0. 40 M 0. 050 M Answer: E 4. 4What volume of 0. 122 M HCl would react with 26. 2 mL of 0. 176 M NaOH? M 37. 8 mL 18. 2 mL 5. 56 mL 26. 3 mL 75. 6 mL Answer: A 4. 75 What is the oxidation number of N in NaNO3? M +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Answer: E 4. 76In the following reaction, which species is being reduced? MFeBr3 + 3Cl2 > 2FeCl3 + 3Br2 A. the Cl in Cl2 B. the Fe in FeBr3 C. the Br in FeBr3 D. This is not a redox reaction. Answer: A 4. 77 Which is the oxidation number of arsenic in K3AsO4? M +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 Answer : D 4. 78In which of the compounds below is nitrogen in the +1 oxidation state? M A. N2O4 B. HNO3 C. N2 D. N2O E. none of these Answer: D . 79 Which reaction below is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction? M CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) > 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) > 2 H2O(g) Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) > Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Answer: A 4. 80 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2 Na(s) + H2(g) > 2 NaH(s) M Na(s) NaH(s) H2(g) Answer: C 4. 81Which of the following is the correct NET IONIC equation for the M neutralization of acetic acid (HAc) with Ca(OH)2? (Ac = acetate ion) 2 HAc + Ca(OH)2 > CaAc2 + 2 H2O H+ + OH – > H2O HAc + OH – > Ac – + H2O 2 H+ + Ca(OH)2 > Ca2+ + 2 H2OAnswer: C 4. 82 Which of the following is INCORRECTLY classified? (Ac = acetate ion) E HAc / weak electrolyte HCl / strong electrolyte NaCl / strong electrolyte NaOH / weak electrolyte H2O / nonelectrolyte Answer: D 4. 83Which of the follow ing compounds are INCORRECTLY classified with respect to its solubility in water? M NaBr / soluble KCrO4 / insoluble MgCl2 / soluble AgCl / insoluble PbS / insoluble Answer: B 4. 84 Which of these is a weak acid? E HNO3 H2SO4 HBr HI H2S Answer: E 4. 85Solutions of BaCl2(aq), Na2SO4(aq) and KNO3(aq) are mixed together. MWhat compound is likely to precipitate from the solution?NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 KCl K2SO4 Answer: C SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 4. 86Define solution, solute and solvent. E Answer: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute, while the substance present in the larger amount is called the solvent. 4. 87Identify each of the following compounds as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. E a. NaOH___________________ b. H2SO4___________________ c. methanol___________________ d. C12H22O11 (sucrose)___________________ e. MgCl2___________________ Answer: a. electrolyte b. electrolyte c. onelectrolyte d. nonel ectrolyte e. electrolyte 4. 88Identify each of the following compounds as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, Eor non electrolyte. a. CH3OH (methanol)____________________ b. CH3COOH____________________ c. KNO3____________________ d. NH3____________________ e. NH4Cl____________________ Answer: a. nonelectrolyte b. weak electrolyte c. strong electrolyte d. weak electrolyte e. strong electrolyte 4. 89Describe three situations or conditions in which a reaction will proceed to Mcompletion. Answer: a. reactions in which a precipitate is formed b. reactions in which H2O is formed c. eactions in which a gas is formed 4. 90Define and illustrate with an example the difference between an electrolyte and Mnonelectrolyte. Answer: (answers will vary) An electrolyte is a substance that will dissolve in water and break up into ions so the solution can conduct electricity. An example is Sodium hydrogen carbonate. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not break up into ions when dissolved in water and the resulting solution does not conduct electricity. An example is sugar. 4. 91Define precipitate and illustrate with an example. E Answer: A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from a solution.CoCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CoCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) CoCO3 would be the precipitate in this reaction. 4. 92What are three characteristics of a base? E Answer: a. Bases taste bitter. b. Bases feel slippery. c. Bases change change red litmus paper to blue. 4. 93What are three characteristics of an acid? E Answer: a. Acids taste sour. b. Acids change blue litmus paper to red. c. Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas . 4. 94What kind of bonding is found in all salts? E Answer: ionic 4. 95Give an example of a monoprotic acid, diprotic acid, and triprotic acid. E Answer: (answers will vary) HNO3 , H2CO3 , H3PO4 . 96Write the net ionic equation for the following reaction. Aqueous iron (III) sulfate is E added to aqueous sodium sulfide to produce iron (III) sulfid e solid and aqueous sodium sulfate. Answer: 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3S2 – (aq) > Fe2S3 (s) 4. 97What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M Cs2Cr2O7 Answer: Cs1+, Cr6+, O2 – 4. 98Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 4Al + 3O2 > 2Al2O3 Answer: Al is oxidized;O2 is reduced; Al is the reducing agent; O2 is the oxidizing agent . 99Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 2KBr + F2 ? > Br2 + 2KF Answer: Br – is oxidized, F2 is reduced, KBr is the reducing agent, F2 is the oxidizing agent 4. 100What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M BaNaPO4 Answer: Ba, +2; Na, +1; P, +5; O, -2 4. 101What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M K2TaF7 Answer: K, +1; Ta, +5; F, -1 4. 10 2Thorium metal is prepared by reacting thorium oxide with calcium. M ThO2 + 2Ca > Th + 2CaOWhat substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Th4+ is reduced, Ca is the reducing agent, Ca is oxidized, ThO4 is the oxidizing agent 4. 103Batteries in our cars generate electricity by the following chemical reaction. M Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 > 2PbSO4 + 2H2O What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Pb4+ is reduced, Pb is the reducing agent, Pb is oxidized, PbO2 is the oxidizing agent 4. 104Describe the procedure used to make 3. 0 liters of a 2. M KCl solution, starting Hwith solid KCl. Answer: a. Determine the molar mass of KCl, which is 74. 55 g/mol. b. Weigh out 447. 3 g of KCl and dissolve to form exactly 3 liters of solution. 4. 105What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5. 0 moles of solute in 2. 00 liters of Esolution? Answer: 2. 5 M 4. 106The solubility of Ba(NO3)2 is 130. 5 g per liter at 0 °C. How many moles of Hdissolved salt are present in 4. 0 L of a saturated solution of a Ba(NO3)2 containing 130. 5 g/L at 0 °C? Answer: 2. 0 mol 4. 107What is the molar concentration of ions in a solution prepared by mixing M100 mL of 2. 0M KCl with 50 mL of a 1. M CaCl2 solution? Answer: 4. 2 M 4. 108What volume of concentrated nitric acid (15. 0 M) is required to make 100 mL of a M3. 0 M nitric acid solution? Answer: 20 mL 4. 109During a titration the following data were collected. A 10 mL portion of an Munknown solution was titrated with 1. 0 M NaOH. It required 40 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. (a) What is the molarity of the acid? (b) How many moles of acid are present in 2. 0 liters of this unknown solution? Answer: a. 4 M b. 8 mol 4. 110If 145 g of potassium nitrate were added to water to make 1500 mL of solution, Mwhat would be the molarity of the resulting solution?Answer: . 956 M 4. 111During a ti tration the following data were collected. A 50 mL portion of an HCl Msolution was titrated with 0. 50 M NaOH. It required 200 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. How many grams of acid are present in 500 mL of this acid solution? Answer: The acid is 2 M. 36. 5 g of HCl 4. 112Identify the Bronsted/Lowry acid in the following reaction. M NH3 + H2O > NH4+ + OH- Answer: H2O 4. 113Identify each of the following as either good or poor conductors of electricity. M a. CaSO4 b. Pb(C2H3O2)2 c. glacial acetic acid d. gasoline (C8H18)Answer: a. good b. good c. poor d. poor 4. 114What is the substance acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the following reaction. M HSO4- + NH4+ > H2SO4 + NH3 Answer: NH4+ 4. 115The water solution found in cells and in blood makes up approximately 80% of the mass of the human body. This solution has a concentration of 0. 21 M NaCl and has a density of 1 g/mL. How many pounds of salt are present in an 180 lb adult? Answer: 1. 77 lbs (802. 5 g) TRUE-FALSE QUESTION S 4. 116We balance chemical equations because they obey the law of definite proportions. M Answer: F 4. 17From the following equation, we can deduce that six hundred P4O10 molecules M would react with one hundred H2O molecules. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) > 4H3PO4(aq) Answer: F 4. 118The following equation is balanced. M Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(g) Answer: T 4. 119Sugar dissolves in water, therefore it is a strong electrolyte. E Answer: F 4. 120Silver chloride (AgCl) has an extremely low solubility in water; therefore, it is a Eweak electrolyte. Answer: F 4. 121Most compounds containing chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except Ethose of Ag+, Hg, and Pb2+.Answer: T 4. 122The following reaction is an acid-base neutralization reaction. E H2SO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: F 4. 123The oxidation number of N in NO is +7. E Answer: F 4. 124Hydrogen is oxidized in the following reaction. M H2 + Cl2 > 2HCl Answer: T 4. 125The following equation is an exam ple of a net ionic equation. M Na+ + Br- + Ag+ + NO3- > AgBr(s) + Na+ + NO3- Answer: F 4. 126The oxidation number of iodine increases by 6 in the following reaction. M 2MnO4- + I – + H2O > 2MnO2 + IO3- + 2OH- Answer: T Review Chemistry Chapter 4 CHAPTER 4 REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 4. 1Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. O2 C. H2SO4 D. C6H12O6 (glucose) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4. 2Which of the following compounds is a strong electrolyte? E A. H2O B. N2 C. KOH D. C2H6O (ethanol) E. CH3COOH (acetic acid) Answer: C 4. 3Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. CH3COOH (acetic acid) C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. O2 E. NaCl Answer: B 4. 4Which of the following compounds is a weak electrolyte? E A. HCl B. NH3 C. C6H12O6 (glucose) D. N2 E. KClAnswer: B 4. 5Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaF B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. NaOH E. C6H12O6 (glucose) Answer: E 4. 6Which of the following compounds is a nonelectrolyte? E A. NaOH B. HNO3 C. CH3COOH (acetic acid) D. KF E. C2H6O (ethanol) Answer: E 4. 7Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of NaNO3. M A. Na2+, NO3 – B. Na+, N3 â€⠀œ , O3 C. Na+, N3 -, O32 – D. Na+, N+, O2 – E. Na+, NO3 – Answer: E 4. 8Identify the major ionic species present in an aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2. E A. Ca2+, H+, O2 – B. Ca2+, OH2- C. Ca+, H-, O2 – D.Ca2+, O2H22 – E. Ca2+, OH – Answer: E 4. 9The distinguishing characteristic of all electrolyte solutions is that they: E A. contain molecules B. conduct electricity C. react with other solutions D. always contain acids E. conduct heat Answer: B 4. 10According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. NaCl B. MgBr2 C. FeCl2 D. AgBr E. ZnCl2 Answer: D 4. 11According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. Na2SO4 B. BaSO4 C. CuSO4 D. MgSO4 E. Rb2SO4 Answer: B 4. 2According to the solubility rules, which one of the following compounds is insoluble Ein water? A. CaCO3 B. (NH4)2CO3 C. Na2CO3 D. K2CO3 E. KNO3 Answer: A 4. 13According to the solubili ty rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. Hg2Cl2 B. Na2S C. Ag2CO3 D. Ag2S E. BaSO4 Answer: B 4. 14According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. AgBr B. AgCl C. Ag2CO3 D. AgNO3 E. Ag2S Answer: D 4. 15According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. (NH4)3PO4 B. Ca3(PO4)2 C. AlPO4 D.Ag3PO4 E. Mg3(PO4)2 Answer: A 4. 16According to the solubility rules, which one of the following is soluble in water? E A. CaSO4 B. BaSO4 C. PbSO4 D. K2SO4 Answer: D 4. 17In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions containing about 0. 1 g of Pb(NO3)2(aq) and KI(aq) /100 mL are mixed? A. KNO3 will precipitate; Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions. B. No precipitate will form. C. Pb(NO3)2 will precipitate; K+ and I- will be spectator ions. D. PbI2 will precipitate; K+ and NO3- will be spectator ions. E. Pb2+ and I- will be spectator ions, and PbI2 will precipitat e. Read this Practice Test Chem 105Answer: D 4. 18In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of CuSO4(aq) and BaCl2(aq) are mixed? A. CuCl2 will precipitate; Ba2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. CuSO4 will precipitate; Ba2+ and Cl – will be spectator ions. C. BaSO4 will precipitate; Cu2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. BaCl2 will precipitate; Cu2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: C 4. 19In accordance with the solubility rules, which of the following will occur when Msolutions of ZnSO4(aq) and MgCl2(aq) are mixed? A.ZnCl2 will precipitate; Mg2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. B. ZnSO4 will precipitate; Mg2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. C. MgSO4 will precipitate; Zn2+ and Cl- will be spectator ions. D. MgCl2 will precipitate; Zn2+ and SO42 – will be spectator ions. E. No precipitate will form. Answer: E 4. 20Which of the following is the correct net ioni c equation for the reaction that occurs M when solutions of Pb(NO3)2 and NH4Cl are mixed? A. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) > NH4NO3(aq) + PbCl2(s) B. Pb2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) > PbCl2(s) C. Pb2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + 2NH4+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) > 2NH4+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq) + PbCl2(s) D.NH4+(aq) + NO3-(aq) > 2NH4NO3 Answer: B 4. 21The common constituent in all acid solutions is: M A. H2 B. H+ C. OH- D. H2SO4 E. Cl- Answer: B 4. 22Identify the ions present in an aqueous solution of LiOH. E A. Li2+, O- , H- B. Li+, OH- C. LiO-, H+ D. Li+, O2 – , H+ E. Li – , OH+ Answer: B 4. 23Identify the major ions present in an aqueous solution of HNO3. E A. HN+, O2 – B. OH- , NO3- C. OH- , NO+ D. H+, N3-, O2 – E. H+, NO3- Answer: E 4. 24What choice gives the correct formula of the salt formed in the neutralization Ereaction of hydrochloric acid and calcium hydroxide? A. CaO B.CaCl2 C. CaH2 D. CaCl E. CaClH Answer: B 4. 25What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of Ehydr obromic acid with Mg(OH)2? A. MgBr B. Mg2Br3 C. Mg3Br2 D. Mg2Br E. MgBr2 Answer: E 4. 26What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of nitric acid M with Ca(OH)2? A. CaNO3 B. Ca2(NO3)3 C. Ca3(NO3)2 D. Ca2NO3 E. Ca(NO3)2 Answer: E 4. 27What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of sodium Mhydroxide with sulfuric acid? A. NaSO3 B. Na2(SO4)3 C. Na(SO4)2 D. Na2SO4 E. Na3SO4 Answer: D 4. 8What is the chemical formula of the salt produced by neutralization of potassium M hydroxide (KOH) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4)? A. KSO3 B. K2(SO4)3 C. K2SO4 D. K(SO4)2 E. KSO4 Answer: C 4. 29The oxidation number of N in NaNO3 is: M A. +6 B. +5 C. +3 D. – 3 E. none of these Answer: B 4. 30The oxidation number of S in K2SO4 is: M A. +6 B. +4 C. +2 D. – 1 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 31The oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is: M A. +8 B. +7 C. +5 D. – 7 E. – 8 Answer: B 4. 32The oxidation number of Fe in K3Fe(CN)6 is: H A. +3 B. +2 C. +1 D. – 3 E. – 4 Answer: A 4. 3The oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72 – is: H A. – 12 B. – 7 C. – 2 D. +6 E. +7 Answer: D 4. 34The oxidation number of Cl in ClO3- is: H A. – 1 B. +7 C. +5 D. +3 E. none of these Answer: C 4. 35The oxidation number of Cl in ClO4- is: H A. – 1 B. +1 C. +3 D. +5 E. none of these Answer: E 4. 36The maximum oxidation number of nitrogen is: H A. +8 B. +5 C. +3 D. +1 E. – 3 Answer: B 4. 37The highest possible oxidation number of carbon is: M A. +8 B. +6 C. +4 D. +2 E. – 4 Answer: C 4. 38Select the compound below in which sulfur has its highest possible oxidation number.H A. H2S B. SO2 C. Na2SO4 D. H2SO3 E. SCl2 Answer: C 4. 39The oxidation number of N in N2H4 is: M A. +4 B. – 4 C. +2 D. – 2 E. 0 Answer: D 4. 40Which choice below gives the oxidation numbers for all three elements in Rb2SO3 Mcorrectly, and in the order shown in the formula? A. – 2, +6, – 2 B. â €“ 1, +4, – 3 C. +2, +4, – 2 D. +1, +4, – 2 E. +1, +6, – 6 Answer: D 4. 41Which one of the following is a redox reaction? M A. H+(aq) + OH – (aq) > H2O(l) B. 2KBr(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) > 2KNO3(aq) + PbBr2(s) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) E. CO32 – + HSO4- > HCO3- + SO42 – Answer: D 4. 42Which of the following reactions does not represent an oxidation- Mreduction reaction? A. 3Al + 6HCl > 3H2 + AlCl3 B. 2H2O > 2H2 + O2 C. 2NaCl + Pb(NO3)2 > PbCl2 + 3NaNO3 D. 2NaI + Br2 > 2NaBr + I2 Answer: C 4. 43In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5H2O2 + 2MnO4- + 6H+ > 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 A. H2O2 B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. O2 Answer: B 4. 44In the following reaction the oxidizing agent is: H 5S + 6KNO3 + 2CaCO3 > 3K2SO4 + 2CaSO4 + CO2 + 3N2 A. S B. N2 C. KNO3 D. CaSO4 E. CaCO3Answer: C 4. 45Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: H 2MnO4- + 5H2SO3 > 2Mn2+ + 5SO42 – + 4H+ + 3H2O A. MnO4- B. H2SO3 C. Mn2+ D. SO42 – E. H+ Answer: A 4. 46Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction: H 5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) > 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) A. Fe2+ B. MnO4- C. H+ D. Mn2+ E. Fe3+ Answer: A 4. 47Identify the reducing agent in the following reaction. M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O > Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. NiO2 C. H2O D. Cd(OH)2 E. Ni(OH)2 Answer: A 4. 48What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M 3Cu + 8HNO3 ? Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O A. Cu B. H C. N D. O E. H2O Answer: A 4. 49What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M Cd + NiO2 + 2H2O > Cd(OH)2 + Ni(OH)2 A. Cd B. Ni C. O D. H Answer: A 4. 50What element is oxidized in the following reaction? M H2SO4 + Cd(OH)2 > 2H2O + CdSO4 A. H B. S C. O D. Cd E. none of these Answer: E 4. 51What element is reduced in the following reaction? M Cu + 2H2SO4 > CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O A. Cu B. H C. S D. O E. H2O Answer: C 4. 52Predict the products of the following displacemen t reaction. M Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) > A. CuS(s) + Fe2SO4(aq)B. Fe(s) + Cu(s) + SO4(aq) C. Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) D. FeCuSO4 E. FeO(s) + CuSO3(aq) Answer: C 4. 53Complete and balance the following half-reaction. M ClO- + e- > Cl- (basic solution) The balanced half-reaction will show which of the following: A. two hydroxide ions on the right side B. one electron on the left side C. six H+ ions on the right side D. six H+ ions on the left side E. two water molecules on the left side Answer: A 4. 54Complete and balance the following redox equation. When balanced with Mwhole number coefficients, the coefficient of S is: H2S + HNO3 > S + NO (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. E. 6 Answer: C 4. 55When balanced, what is the coefficient of Sn in the equation? M Sn + HNO3 > SnO2 + NO2 + H2O (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 Answer: A 4. 56Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2O M when the equation is balanced with the smallest whole number coefficient s? MnO4- + SO32 – > Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 8 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 57Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of H2S Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers?H2S + MnO4- > Mn2+ + SO42 – (acidic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 58Complete and balance the following redox equation. What is the coefficient of H2O Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – > MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of these Answer: A 4. 59Complete and balance the following redox reaction. What is the coefficient of OH- Mwhen the equation is balanced with the set of smallest whole numbers? MnO4- + I – > MnO2 + IO3- (basic solution) A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 10 E. none of theseAnswer: B 4. 60Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole- Mnumber coefficients. Now sum the coefficients of all species in the balanced equation. Remember the coefficients equal to one. The sum of the coefficients is: BrO3- (aq) + Sb3+(aq) > Br – (aq) + Sb5+(aq) (acidic solution) A. 4 B. 12 C. 13 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 61Complete and balance the following redox reaction with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients. M When correctly balanced the sum of all the coefficients in the equation will be: (Recall, the absence of a coefficient is understood to be a 1)PbO2(s) + Cl- > Pb2+ + Cl2(g) (acidic solution) A. 2 B. 4 C. 5 D. 9 E. 11 Answer: E 4. 62Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole Mnumber coefficients possible. What is the sum of the coefficients? (Remember the coefficients equal to one. ) HI + HNO3 > I2 + NO (acidic solution) A. 5 B. 7 C. 14 D. 17 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 63Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is t he sum of the coefficients? MnO4- + Br – > Mn2+ + Br2 (acidic solution) A. 6 B. 17 C. 1 D. 29 E. 43 Answer: E Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Bi(OH)3 + SnO2 2 – > Bi + SnO32 – (basic solution) A. 32 B. 25 C. 16 D. 13 E. none of these Answer: D 4. 65Complete and balance the following redox equation with the smallest set of whole-number coefficients Mpossible. What is the sum of the coefficients? Br2 > BrO3- + Br- (basic solution) A. 9 B. 12 C. 18 D. 21 E. none of these Answer: C 4. 66Which of the following is a displacement reaction? E A. NaN3(s) > 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) B. Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) > 2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) C. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) > 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) D. 2P(s) + 3Cl2(g) > 2PCl3(g) E. 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) > 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) Answer: B 4. 67Which of the following is a halogen displacement reaction? E A. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) B. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) > 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) C. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) D. 2KNO3(s) > 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) E. 2LiOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > Li2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Answer: A 4. 68Which of the following is a precipitation reaction? M A. 2H2(g) + O2(g) > 2H2O(l) B. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) C. KNO3(s) > 2KNO2(s) + O2(g) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) Answer: B 4. 69Which of the following is an acid-base neutralization reaction? E A. 2Al(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) > Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3H2(g) B. SO2(g) + H2O(l) > H2SO3(g) C. LiOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) > LiNO3(aq) + H2O(l) D. 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(g) > 2KCl(aq) + Br2(l) E. CaBr2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: C 4. 7025. 0 mL of a 0. 175 M solution of KOH is diluted with pure water to a final Mvolume of 750. 0 mL. What is the final molarity of the KOH solution? 0. 00583 M 0. 0163 M 0. 0333 M 0. 229 MAnswer: A 4. 71Consider the solution reaction AlCl3 + 3AgNO3 > 3AgCl + Al(NO3)3. M What volume of 0. 100 M AlCl3 will exactly react with 55. 0 mL of 0. 162 M AgNO3? 89. 1 mL 9. 90 mL 46. 2 mL 29. 7 mL Answer: D 4. 72What is the molarity of a solution in which 26. 0 grams of BaCl2 M(molar mass = 208. 2 g/mol) are dissolved in enough water to make 450. 0 mL of solution? 0. 278 M 0. 617 M 1. 00 M 3. 41 M Answer: A 4. 73If 40. 0 mL of H2SO4 solution reacts with 0. 212 g of Na2CO3, what is the Mmolarity of the H2SO4 solution? Na2CO3 + H2SO4 > Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O 0. 50 M 0. 10 M 0. 20 M 0. 40 M 0. 050 M Answer: E 4. 4What volume of 0. 122 M HCl would react with 26. 2 mL of 0. 176 M NaOH? M 37. 8 mL 18. 2 mL 5. 56 mL 26. 3 mL 75. 6 mL Answer: A 4. 75 What is the oxidation number of N in NaNO3? M +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 Answer: E 4. 76In the following reaction, which species is being reduced? MFeBr3 + 3Cl2 > 2FeCl3 + 3Br2 A. the Cl in Cl2 B. the Fe in FeBr3 C. the Br in FeBr3 D. This is not a redox reaction. Answer: A 4. 77 Which is the oxidation number of arsenic in K3AsO4? M +2 +3 +4 +5 +6 Answer : D 4. 78In which of the compounds below is nitrogen in the +1 oxidation state? M A. N2O4 B. HNO3 C. N2 D. N2O E. none of these Answer: D . 79 Which reaction below is NOT an oxidation-reduction reaction? M CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CaCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq) 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) > 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) > 2 H2O(g) Zn(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) > Zn(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s) Answer: A 4. 80 Identify the oxidizing agent in the following reaction: 2 Na(s) + H2(g) > 2 NaH(s) M Na(s) NaH(s) H2(g) Answer: C 4. 81Which of the following is the correct NET IONIC equation for the M neutralization of acetic acid (HAc) with Ca(OH)2? (Ac = acetate ion) 2 HAc + Ca(OH)2 > CaAc2 + 2 H2O H+ + OH – > H2O HAc + OH – > Ac – + H2O 2 H+ + Ca(OH)2 > Ca2+ + 2 H2OAnswer: C 4. 82 Which of the following is INCORRECTLY classified? (Ac = acetate ion) E HAc / weak electrolyte HCl / strong electrolyte NaCl / strong electrolyte NaOH / weak electrolyte H2O / nonelectrolyte Answer: D 4. 83Which of the follow ing compounds are INCORRECTLY classified with respect to its solubility in water? M NaBr / soluble KCrO4 / insoluble MgCl2 / soluble AgCl / insoluble PbS / insoluble Answer: B 4. 84 Which of these is a weak acid? E HNO3 H2SO4 HBr HI H2S Answer: E 4. 85Solutions of BaCl2(aq), Na2SO4(aq) and KNO3(aq) are mixed together. MWhat compound is likely to precipitate from the solution?NaNO3 Ba(NO3)2 BaSO4 KCl K2SO4 Answer: C SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 4. 86Define solution, solute and solvent. E Answer: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substance present in a smaller amount is called the solute, while the substance present in the larger amount is called the solvent. 4. 87Identify each of the following compounds as an electrolyte or nonelectrolyte. E a. NaOH___________________ b. H2SO4___________________ c. methanol___________________ d. C12H22O11 (sucrose)___________________ e. MgCl2___________________ Answer: a. electrolyte b. electrolyte c. onelectrolyte d. nonel ectrolyte e. electrolyte 4. 88Identify each of the following compounds as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, Eor non electrolyte. a. CH3OH (methanol)____________________ b. CH3COOH____________________ c. KNO3____________________ d. NH3____________________ e. NH4Cl____________________ Answer: a. nonelectrolyte b. weak electrolyte c. strong electrolyte d. weak electrolyte e. strong electrolyte 4. 89Describe three situations or conditions in which a reaction will proceed to Mcompletion. Answer: a. reactions in which a precipitate is formed b. reactions in which H2O is formed c. eactions in which a gas is formed 4. 90Define and illustrate with an example the difference between an electrolyte and Mnonelectrolyte. Answer: (answers will vary) An electrolyte is a substance that will dissolve in water and break up into ions so the solution can conduct electricity. An example is Sodium hydrogen carbonate. A nonelectrolyte is a substance that does not break up into ions when dissolved in water and the resulting solution does not conduct electricity. An example is sugar. 4. 91Define precipitate and illustrate with an example. E Answer: A precipitate is an insoluble solid that separates from a solution.CoCl2 (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) > CoCO3 (s) + 2NaCl (aq) CoCO3 would be the precipitate in this reaction. 4. 92What are three characteristics of a base? E Answer: a. Bases taste bitter. b. Bases feel slippery. c. Bases change change red litmus paper to blue. 4. 93What are three characteristics of an acid? E Answer: a. Acids taste sour. b. Acids change blue litmus paper to red. c. Acids react with certain metals to produce hydrogen gas . 4. 94What kind of bonding is found in all salts? E Answer: ionic 4. 95Give an example of a monoprotic acid, diprotic acid, and triprotic acid. E Answer: (answers will vary) HNO3 , H2CO3 , H3PO4 . 96Write the net ionic equation for the following reaction. Aqueous iron (III) sulfate is E added to aqueous sodium sulfide to produce iron (III) sulfid e solid and aqueous sodium sulfate. Answer: 2Fe3+ (aq) + 3S2 – (aq) > Fe2S3 (s) 4. 97What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M Cs2Cr2O7 Answer: Cs1+, Cr6+, O2 – 4. 98Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 4Al + 3O2 > 2Al2O3 Answer: Al is oxidized;O2 is reduced; Al is the reducing agent; O2 is the oxidizing agent . 99Identify the element being oxidized, the element being reduced, the oxidizing Magent, and the reducing agent in the following reactions. 2KBr + F2 ? > Br2 + 2KF Answer: Br – is oxidized, F2 is reduced, KBr is the reducing agent, F2 is the oxidizing agent 4. 100What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M BaNaPO4 Answer: Ba, +2; Na, +1; P, +5; O, -2 4. 101What is the oxidation number for each of the elements in the following compound? M K2TaF7 Answer: K, +1; Ta, +5; F, -1 4. 10 2Thorium metal is prepared by reacting thorium oxide with calcium. M ThO2 + 2Ca > Th + 2CaOWhat substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Th4+ is reduced, Ca is the reducing agent, Ca is oxidized, ThO4 is the oxidizing agent 4. 103Batteries in our cars generate electricity by the following chemical reaction. M Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 > 2PbSO4 + 2H2O What substance is reduced? What is the reducing agent? What substance is oxidized? What is the oxidizing agent? Answer: Pb4+ is reduced, Pb is the reducing agent, Pb is oxidized, PbO2 is the oxidizing agent 4. 104Describe the procedure used to make 3. 0 liters of a 2. M KCl solution, starting Hwith solid KCl. Answer: a. Determine the molar mass of KCl, which is 74. 55 g/mol. b. Weigh out 447. 3 g of KCl and dissolve to form exactly 3 liters of solution. 4. 105What is the molarity of a solution that contains 5. 0 moles of solute in 2. 00 liters of Esolution? Answer: 2. 5 M 4. 106The solubility of Ba(NO3)2 is 130. 5 g per liter at 0 °C. How many moles of Hdissolved salt are present in 4. 0 L of a saturated solution of a Ba(NO3)2 containing 130. 5 g/L at 0 °C? Answer: 2. 0 mol 4. 107What is the molar concentration of ions in a solution prepared by mixing M100 mL of 2. 0M KCl with 50 mL of a 1. M CaCl2 solution? Answer: 4. 2 M 4. 108What volume of concentrated nitric acid (15. 0 M) is required to make 100 mL of a M3. 0 M nitric acid solution? Answer: 20 mL 4. 109During a titration the following data were collected. A 10 mL portion of an Munknown solution was titrated with 1. 0 M NaOH. It required 40 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. (a) What is the molarity of the acid? (b) How many moles of acid are present in 2. 0 liters of this unknown solution? Answer: a. 4 M b. 8 mol 4. 110If 145 g of potassium nitrate were added to water to make 1500 mL of solution, Mwhat would be the molarity of the resulting solution?Answer: . 956 M 4. 111During a ti tration the following data were collected. A 50 mL portion of an HCl Msolution was titrated with 0. 50 M NaOH. It required 200 mL of the base to neutralize the sample. How many grams of acid are present in 500 mL of this acid solution? Answer: The acid is 2 M. 36. 5 g of HCl 4. 112Identify the Bronsted/Lowry acid in the following reaction. M NH3 + H2O > NH4+ + OH- Answer: H2O 4. 113Identify each of the following as either good or poor conductors of electricity. M a. CaSO4 b. Pb(C2H3O2)2 c. glacial acetic acid d. gasoline (C8H18)Answer: a. good b. good c. poor d. poor 4. 114What is the substance acting as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in the following reaction. M HSO4- + NH4+ > H2SO4 + NH3 Answer: NH4+ 4. 115The water solution found in cells and in blood makes up approximately 80% of the mass of the human body. This solution has a concentration of 0. 21 M NaCl and has a density of 1 g/mL. How many pounds of salt are present in an 180 lb adult? Answer: 1. 77 lbs (802. 5 g) TRUE-FALSE QUESTION S 4. 116We balance chemical equations because they obey the law of definite proportions. M Answer: F 4. 17From the following equation, we can deduce that six hundred P4O10 molecules M would react with one hundred H2O molecules. P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) > 4H3PO4(aq) Answer: F 4. 118The following equation is balanced. M Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HNO3(g) Answer: T 4. 119Sugar dissolves in water, therefore it is a strong electrolyte. E Answer: F 4. 120Silver chloride (AgCl) has an extremely low solubility in water; therefore, it is a Eweak electrolyte. Answer: F 4. 121Most compounds containing chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except Ethose of Ag+, Hg, and Pb2+.Answer: T 4. 122The following reaction is an acid-base neutralization reaction. E H2SO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) > CaSO4(s) + 2HBr(g) Answer: F 4. 123The oxidation number of N in NO is +7. E Answer: F 4. 124Hydrogen is oxidized in the following reaction. M H2 + Cl2 > 2HCl Answer: T 4. 125The following equation is an exam ple of a net ionic equation. M Na+ + Br- + Ag+ + NO3- > AgBr(s) + Na+ + NO3- Answer: F 4. 126The oxidation number of iodine increases by 6 in the following reaction. M 2MnO4- + I – + H2O > 2MnO2 + IO3- + 2OH- Answer: T

Hobbes, Locke, And Rousseau s Theory Of Government

Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau: Who Has the Most Scripturally Correct Theory of Government? Katherine Shoemaker GOVT 302-B01 Professor Stephen Witham Liberty University Outline I. John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are the three philosophers that have the most developed view of human nature as it applies to government. a. Each of these philosophers has a literary work or works that look at human nature and its application to government. b. We will be examining Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, Rousseau in On the Social Contract and Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, and Hobbes’s view in Leviathan. c. The specific topics to be examined through comparison of these different works are human nature, natural law, origin and purpose of government, civil disobedience, right of revolution, and government and religion. II. The nuances of human nature in the state of nature are the first area to look at. a. Thomas Hobbes held that in the state of nature, man is instinctively bad. b. In Locke’s Second Treatise of Government, he expressed the opposite, believing that man is not instinctively bad. III. John Locke believed that man is inherently good, peaceful, and able to fulfill their promises. a. This view is in stark contrast with the views of both Rousseau and Hobbes. b. Locke defines the state of nature as, â€Å"[m]en living together according to reason without a common superior on earth with authority to judge between them, is properly the state ofShow MoreRelatedThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. 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The Middle East is of particular interest due to the recent outcries and protests against governments in the regionRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The State Of Nature1727 Words   |  7 Pagesthis essay I am going to use the wr itings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau to explain how their notions of the State of Nature shape the way they envision political society. These philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature but they all agree that the State of Nature is the reason for why political societies come to be. They realize that the State of Nature does not work and they believe society needs a government for them to be organized and ordered. Thus these philosophersRead MoreThe Social Contract Theories Of Thomas Hobbes And John Locke1210 Words   |  5 PagesMahogany Mills Professor: Dr. Arnold Political Philosophy 4 February 2015 Compare and contrast the social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke In the beginning of time, there was no government to regulate man. This caused a burden on society and these hardships had to be conquered, which is when a social contract was developed. The social contract theory is a model that addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over an individualRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contractRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). 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Others may refer to it as the biological or genetic factor suggesting that there is an established and unchanging human core. It highlights what is innate and natural about human life, as opposed to what human beings have gained from education or throughRead MoreSocial Contract Theory On The Origin Of State3694 Words   |  15 PagesSOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY 1. INTRODUCTION: The social contract theory is one of the oldest theories on the origin of state. This theory came into existence as a reaction against the divine origin theory. The term ‘social’ is something which is connected with the society, while ‘contract’ means an agreement between two or more people. Thus a term of political theory, ‘social contract’ implies an agreement that makes society possible .this theory holds that the state is the voluntary and deliberate agreementRead MoreHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesHobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Machiavelli The thirteenth through the eighteenth century brought profound changes in the political realm of Western civilization. Beginning with the Scientific Revolution and only advancing during the Renaissance, secularization and skepticism lead to changes in not only the intellectual life of Westerners, but also to their politics. At the forefront of the political debate were well-versed men such as Machiavelli, Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. The influences

Abbreviations and Titles Used in College

Some abbreviations are appropriate in academic writing, while others are not appropriate. Below youll find a list of abbreviations you are likely to use in your experience as a student. Abbreviations for College Degrees Note: The  APA doesnt recommend using periods with degrees. Be sure to consult your style guide as recommended styling may vary.   A.A. Associate of Arts: A two-year degree in any specific liberal art or a general degree covering a mix of courses in liberal arts and sciences. It is acceptable to use the A.A. abbreviation in place of the full degree name. For example, Alfred earned an A.A. at the local community college. A.A.S. Associate of Applied Science: A two-year degree in a technical or science field. Example: Dorothy earned an A.A.S. in culinary arts after she earned her high school degree. A.B.D. All But Dissertation: This refers to a student who has completed all the requirements for a Ph.D. except for the dissertation. It is used primarily in reference to doctoral candidates whose dissertation is in progress, to state that the candidate is eligible to apply for positions that require a Ph.D. The abbreviation is acceptable in place of the full expression. A.F.A. Associate of Fine Arts: A two-year degree in a field of creative art such as painting, sculpting, photography, theater, and fashion design. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.A. Bachelor of Arts: An undergraduate, four-year degree in liberal arts or sciences. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a field of creative art. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. B.S. Bachelor of Science: A four-year, undergraduate degree in a science. The abbreviation is acceptable in all but very formal writing. Note: Students enter college for the first time as undergraduates pursuing either a two-year (associates) or a four-year (bachelors) degree. Many universities have a separate college within called a graduate school, where students may choose to continue their education to pursue a higher degree. M.A. Master of Arts: The masters degree is a degree earned in graduate school. The M.A. is a masters degree in one of the liberal arts awarded to students who study one or two years after earning a bachelors degree. M.Ed. Master of Education: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in the field of education. M.S. Master of Science: The masters degree awarded to a student pursuing an advanced degree in science or technology. Abbreviations for Titles Dr. Doctor: When referring to a college professor, the title usually refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, the highest degree in many fields. (In some fields of study the masters degree is the highest possible degree.) It is generally acceptable (preferable) to abbreviate this title when addressing professors in writing and when conducting academic and non-academic writing. Esq. Esquire: Historically, the abbreviation Esq. has been used as a title of courtesy and respect. In the United States, the title is generally used as a title for lawyers, after the full name. Example: John Hendrik, Esq. It is appropriate to use the abbreviation Esq. in formal and academic writing. Prof. Professor: When referring to a professor in nonacademic and informal writing, it is acceptable to abbreviate when you use the full name. It is best to use the full title before a surname alone. Example: Ill invite Prof. Johnson to appear as a speaker at our next meeting.Professor Mark Johnson is speaking at our next meeting. Mr. and Mrs. The abbreviations Mr. and Mrs. are shortened versions of mister and mistress. Both terms, when spelled out, are considered antiquated and outdated when it comes to academic writing. However, the term mister is still used in very formal writing (formal invitations) and military writing. Do not use mister or mistress when addressing a teacher, a professor, or a potential employer. Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy: As a title, the Ph.D. comes after the name of a professor who has earned the highest degree awarded by a graduate school. The degree may be called a doctoral degree or a doctorate. Example: Sara Edwards, Ph.D. You would address a person who signs correspondence as Sara Edwards, Ph.D. as Dr. Edwards.

Controversial Television Advertising Essay - 1498 Words

Controversial Television Advertising We all know from our personal experience that one person’s idea of something offensive often differs from another’s. This essay is to determine the consequences towards negative advertising towards certain controversial products/services and why they are so offensive. All major media organizations need advertising to exist, thats how they pay their bills. At the same time, though, each organization sets its own advertising standards. Some ads a media company will simply refuse to accept (Peart, Karen N). Concerns have been raised about Beer advertising, Cigarette advertising, Sex advertising, Political advertising, and food advertising to children. Alcohol advertising is a primary concern for†¦show more content†¦According to an article on beer marketing in Advertising Age, Advertising is as important to selling beer as the bottle opener is to drinking it. . . . Beer advertising is mainly an exercise in building images. Did you know that: More than 5 million children alive today will die prematurely from smoking-related illnesses? Or nearly every adult who smokes (almost 90 percent) took his or her first puff at or before the age of 18? You then ask yourself why? Tobacco advertising is the one to blame for this. Tobacco manufacturers came under attack for having promoted a product with known health risks. This advertising raised many ethical dilemmas for the industry and for those who profit from its sale. Most econometric studies have found that increased expenditure on tobacco advertising increases demand for cigarettes, while banning advertising leads to a reduction in tobacco consumption. A recent meta-analysis of 48 econometric studies found that tobacco advertising significantly increased tobacco sales. Recent reviews by the United States Institute of Medicine, the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the World Health Organisation reached the same conclusion. The tobacco i ndustry spends more than $12.4 billion per year - over $34.1 million a day - marketingShow MoreRelatedControversial Television Advertising1963 Words   |  8 PagesControversial Television Advertising and its Effects on Children and Teenagers When you hear sexual content, racial stereotyping, violence, women displayed as sex objects, and drinking, you may think it is your typical R rated movie, right? Wrong. Try the typical television commercial. Television advertising with positive messages can influence children and teenagers to make better decisions and positive behavioral changes. The same can be true when they view negative messages. This too, canRead MoreEssay on Controversial Television Advertising502 Words   |  3 Pagesharsh reality of life around them. Just by turning on the television a child is subjected to violence and provocative images, or is shown the â€Å"coolness† of lighting up a cigarette and drinking alcohol. Television advertisements pose a threat to preserving a child’s innocence; they go above and beyond being an advertisement and become a weapon that is slowly tearing away at the decency in American homes. Parental Involvement Televisions are now equipped with V- Chips and Parental Controls, butRead MoreWhat Makes Sex For Advertising So Appealing?1674 Words   |  7 Pages Sex is a very controversial subject that normally attracts a lot of attention, which forces it be extremely exploitable for attention craved advertisement creators. Sex can be defined as ways to gain consumers attention (Belch Belch 2007). What makes sex in advertising so special? Why is sex so appealing to consumers? Sexual appeal can be characterized as an emotional trigger. Sex can be construed as the soul of advertising. 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Creative personnel in agencies defend the use of these ads by noting that they are novel and provide a way to break through the high level of clutter on television and in magazines. Evaluate the pros and cons of this argument. Find an example of a television commercial or print ad that takes an unusual creative approach and discussRead More Impact of Advertising on American Society Essay examples1557 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Advertising on American Society American society has changed drastically over the past years and some people say advertisements reflect the society that we live in now. Advertising in our society encourages unhealthy habits, focuses in on our weaknesses and leads us to believe that we are materialistic. Advertisements can also change our vision of reality and makes us believe the impossible. Advertisements use sexual and racial stereotypes to help sell their products. 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Drops Price Will It Always Increase Demand â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Drops Price Will It Always Increase Demand? Answer: Introducation This source sheds light on the risks involved in projecting the balance between the profit, price and demand. The intensity of this risk aggravates if timely evaluations are not done. The mention of the microgrid aggregators is assistance for the finance administrators in terms of calculating the profits on the basis of the demands and the prices set for them. The aspect of response acts as a kind of data collection from the businessmen regarding the steps taken by them for controlling the financial operations. Grid systems enhance the clarity of the businessmen in terms of the cash investments made for the products and services. Herein lays the appropriateness of the tables, charts and graphs, which needs to be maintained for the publication of the annual report. Discussions need to be organized for mitigating the intensity of the financial risks. essays on instability and finance. Routledge. The source highlights the importance of finance in the business operations. Instability reduces the intensity of this importance. The mention of the financial instability necessitates the reference to this source. The interrogation regarding the recurrence of this financial instability reflects the concern of the business critiques regarding the achievement of effective means for stabilizing the finance. Concern towards the recurrence of the financial instability projects the awareness of the business critiques towards the vulnerability, which they might have to encounter if they expose lackadaisical attitude towards this instability. Cambridge Journal of Economics,40(2), pp.491-505. The source presents the variations in the income and demand, which adversely affects the economy of the nation. The data collection from the US highlights the provision of equal wage to the workers, which reflects the adherence to the macroeconomic model. Along with this, the source projects the remarkable reduction in the income inequality among the workers, enhancing the aspect of job security. Viewing it from the perspective of economics, plans regarding the income of the workers help in calculating the proper wage, which needs to be awarded to the workers. The aspect of inequality destroys the balance between the demand, price and profit. Managerial economics. Cengage Learning. This source enhances the clarity of the businessmen regarding the basic fundamentals of managerial operations. Within this, the basic components are demand and supply. The second chapter deals with the demand analysis and estimation. As per the basic economics, when the demand for the goods and services increases, the prices decrease. Countering this, high prices of the goods and services decrease the demand. Utilization of graphs helps the personnel to make estimates regarding the revenue generation, which helps them to gain an insight into their position within the competitive market. Based on this estimations, production plans can be prepared, which helps in making the budget. Plans tie the aspects of demand, price and profit in the same thread. Asymptotically optimal semi-myopic policies.Operations Research,62(5), pp.1142-1167. The source projects the perspective of a monopolist in terms of a graphical analysis. The time axis in the graph relates with the period over which the selling is done. The characteristic of the monopolistic market includes only the seller, therefore inadequacy in the knowledge of the demand is justified. Countering this, graphical representation of the demand enhances the clarity of the seller about the demand of the products and services. Herein lays the appropriateness of the curve, which reflects the intensity of the demand. This intensity helps the seller in setting prices of the products and services, prior to its launch for customer utilization. All these are the dynamics of demand and pricing. Graphical representation of the demand linear curves can be considered as a theoretical approach towards marketing. Within this, policies can be considered as an agent for the sellers in terms of indulging in fair trades and transactions with the buyers and investors. The rise and fall of demand and price, if projected on the graph, brings to the forefront the drawbacks in marketing, which can be rectified through the adherence to competitive and economic policies in an efficient and effective manner. References Carvalho, L. and Rezai, A., 2015. Personal income inequality and aggregate demand.Cambridge Journal of Economics,40(2), pp.491-505. Hirschey, M., 2016. Managerial economics. Cengage Learning Keskin, N.B. and Zeevi, A., 2014. Dynamic pricing with an unknown demand model: Asymptotically optimal semi-myopic policies.Operations Research,62(5), pp.1142-1167. Minsky, H.P., 2015.Can" it" happen again?: essays on instability and finance. Routledge. Nguyen, D.T. and Le, L.B., 2015. Risk-constrained profit maximization for microgrid aggregators with demand response.IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,6(1), pp.135-146.

Organizational Perspective free essay sample

Running Head: ORGANIZATION PERSPECTIVES Organization Perspective OM8010 – Principles of Organization – Theory and Practice Dr. Robin Parry Capella University August 8, 2011 Organization Perspective Abstract As organizations experience increase organizational rigidity, performance declines can be driven by decrease in innovative change and employee turnover, understanding these shifts are critical to the bottom line. A major responsibility for top managers is to interpret these shifts and to understand the complexity of organizations, to be able to respond effectively. Understanding how the three multiple theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism apply with the assumptions ontology and epistemology as indicators used to analyze, make changes, and decisions, for daily activities of an organization. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), contends that an organization is a formal structure with an internal order, a set of natural laws governing its operation, rather than operate from a subjectivity manner of management. Obtaining a working knowledge of each perspective and being able to determine how to apply the principles and concepts offers reliance and continuity within an organizational structure. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Perspective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Applying the principles of organization theory and understanding how these different perspectives according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) can influence the way others experience, interpret, and shape organizational realities. Organization Perspective The rapid growth of the globalization era has changed the way businesses operate. With this rapid growth businesses have made major changes in the way in which they operate. With the introduction of computers and other technology, changed the way in which information is given and received. The old outdated ways of doing business has changed drastically. Thus the modernism era was created. Due to the complexity of organizations the need to interpret structural changes that occur within the structure of organizations, often creates a deficit in making innovative decisions can be critical to the bottom line. These structure shifts and changes lead to a decline in authority, lack of reliance in maintaining formalized processes and procedures, and reduce the flow of information passed down from top managers. According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) organizational theory (OT) and understanding how the theoretical perspectives apply within an organization can influence the way others experience, interpret; develop critical thinking skills, needed to increase productivity, to shape, and to manage the functions of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to identify and define the three organizational theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism; compare and contrast the possibilities for designing and managing these perspectives within an organization. Define the assumptions of ontology and epistemology and the effects from using the three theoretical perspectives within the organizational structure to enhance the quality of management style. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) provides an overview of the conception of the three theoretical perspectives: modernism, symbolic- interpretive, and post modernism perspectives. The inception of these terms occurred during the time of the Great Transformation, scholars tried to explain the emerging changes around them. The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution period contributed to theoretical formations for early theorists like Emile Durkeim (1949), Karl Marx (1954) and Max Weber (1947). They were concerned about the structures that emerged around them, and how people were impacted within organizational structure. Early management practitioners adopted Scientific Management as a way to run organizations. Forefathers of management: Winslow Taylor (1911) and Henri Fayol (1949) were highly esteemed for their systems and methods that were widely applied across the world. Modernism was birthed (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). As a note, Hatch with the assistance of Cunliffe contributed an enormous amount of time and research into developing the methodology that is now used to explain the three theoretical perspectives, and considered an expert in this field. Cites from their research will be used to support this argument. Based on research by Hatch and Cunliffe, the theoretical perspectives emphasized efficiency, and effectiveness that would give a voice not only to the criticisms raised against organization theory, but also as a tool of ‘mangerialism’ (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). In modernist organization theories, the organizational environment according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), is conceptualized as entities that lie outside the boundaries of the organizations to provide raw materials, and other resources, products, and services, which influence the outcome of organizations. Modernists see the world existing independently, whether they interact with it or not. Reality is waiting to be discovered through concepts and theories. The need to analyze these conditions and trends associated with general environment factors links the organization to the environment properties. The modernist perspective focuses on how to increase efficiency, and considered an objective indicators of performance through the application of theories relating to structure and control according to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006). Modernist perspective focus primarily on individuals; treats risk preferences as an attempt to quantify risk without a negative impact in the decision making process. By this view, risks are a social and multilevel phenomenon; risk preferences, perceptions, and responses are learned; risk can be perceived subjectively and often unquantifiable. The environment is a complex, socially constructed system; ethical considerations are integral to risk assessment and management; and organizations respond to risk through their actions, not just by making decisions. These themes motivate new directions for opportunities within the organization (Esade McKelvey, 2010). According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), the prospective of Symbolic-interpretive extends the definition of empirical reality to include experiences that lie outside the reach of the five senses, to include emotions and intuition. As a result, this concept is subject to subjectivity, and cannot be easily replicated by others. The symbolic-interpretive perspective focus on meaning and understandings, resulting in findings that are presented in generalized fashion. In contrast, modernist perspectives focus on the organization as an independent objective entity and take a positive approach to generating knowledge. The symbolic-interpretive perspective focuses on the organization as a community sustained by human relationships and uses predominantly subjective ontology and an interpretive epistemology. In general, the symbolic perspective expands the boundaries of consideration for modernists (e. g. waste is not considered waste, if it is resold), while the postmodernist perspective forces on the modernist to consider injustices within this framework (e. . Corporate Social Responsibility). Also, the symbolic interpretive perspective can reveal the fragile state of an organization; and if it is depending on its employees to survive. It can be said quite literally, that employees can make or break a company according to Drago (1999). According to Esade and McKelvey (2010) Postmodernism, a movement that emerged in the late 1960s to challenge the bas ic tends of modernism and its epistemological assumption. Esade and McKelvey (2010) suggest that OT has been pulled in opposite directions by modernist and postmodernist ontologisms. Organizational scholars, are caught between the two conflicting bases of legitimacy with little overall consensus on what constitutes valid truth claims. Hardy and Palmer (1999) indicate that postmodern approaches are relatively new to management and OT brings a number of challenges for management. Postmodernism is presented with a degree of debate, disagreement, and emotion rarely found in the usually more phlegmatic world of organization and lack the traditional characteristics of organizations. The complexity and the dynamics of organization structure plays an important role in the understanding how businesses operate in today’s culture. Organizational social structure is considered the relatively stable pattern of social behavior within organizations that constrain and enable individual action, (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). Considering Hatch’s (with Cunliffe) (2006), definition of organizations states that there are several meanings. Organizations can be social, technology, cultural, and physical structures that are all a part of the organizational environment. These perspectives contribute to control, conflict, decision-making, power, politics, and change; and are also concepts used to define the science of (OT). Organizations operate in complex, uncertain, and often contradictory situations. According to Tsoukas and Knudsen (2005), concepts from OT have been discussed for the past 150 years, post industrial revolution and new concepts have a direct and indirect impact on the environment in how organizations operate today. People in organizations are self-directing and self-designing. As they form cliques and speak the same lingo to share information and solve problems; organizations can also be viewed as a community of practices (Lave Wenger, 1991). Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), contends that due to the complexity and pluralism of organizations, managers who make sense of and use multiple perspectives are more equipped to use their knowledge of OT to analyze, make decisions and plans for their organization’s daily activities. Cui, Tamma, and Bellifemine (1999) confirms in a competitive business market, large organizations have developed ontology management practices in order respond quickly to market opportunities. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) suggest that each perspective: modernism, symbolic-interpretive and postmodernism makes distinctive contributions to OT. Integrating these perspectives into organizational structures and the effects of ontology and epistemology assumptions are equally important. Developing an understanding of OT, and how to theorize, and understand how these different perspectives will influence and shape the realities that exist within an organization. Sutkowski (2010) contends that the paradigm of management epistemology is based on functional and interpretative assumptions. Many ideas regarding corporate culture, management human resources management, and management processes or managing changes are based on epistemological assumptions of the symbolic interpretative approach. The symbolic-interpretative perspective is a competitive cognitive approach related to a functional-systemic concept that can be described as interpretative, symbolic or qualitative. Symbolic-interpretative perspective is a competitive cognitive approach in relation to the functional-systemic concept described as interpretative, symbolic, or qualitative. According to Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) the basis of interpretative epistemology is assumption of constructional and convention social reality of an organization. Drago (1999) indicates that organizational stakeholders, individuals, and groups have the ability to influence decision-making in an organization. Stakeholders play an important role in determining the direction, goals and strategies that organization adopts. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) suggest that it is important to understand the differences in the application of each perspective and grasp knowledge of the concepts and theories that provide distinctive thinking tools needed to analyze various situations, and decisions that are made within a business environment. Burns, Cooper and West (2003) suggest that organizational learning is the new paradigm for managing organizations. This interest in and promotion of organizational learning, especially in the business world, stemmed from two major concerns: the rapid changing nature of the world in which we live in; and the increasingly competitive environment in which firms operate. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006) contends that the best theories are those that as employees and stakeholders have found or invented to match their personal experiences that exist in the business world. The challenge is to learn the theories of organizations and organizing what others have developed to evaluate the skills needed to broaden an appreciation for the possibilities that exist within the organization. The modernist perspective focuses on the independent objectivity of an organization and takes a positive approach to generating knowledge, increase efficiency, effectiveness as it relates to structure and control. Esade and McKelvey (2010) interpretation of integrating modernist and postmodernist perspectives in an organization contends that modernist aim for reliable in knowledge. In doing so, modernist often impose oversimplified interpretations of data that may obscure the effects of power and bias. In summary, modernism advances knowledge when phenomena are independent of each other or can be made so to control the experience. Both modernists and postmodernists aim for reliable knowledge while holding competing ontologies, they usually result in opposite ends. Esade and McKelvey (2010) conclude that as organizational scholars, opinions are often conflicting based on legitimacy, with little overall consensus on what constitutes valid truth. In comparing and contrasting the three theoretical perspectives Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), opinion for instance indicates that modernists consider objectivity and scientific finding as most crucial and that subjectivity undermines scientific rigor, whereas, symbolic-interpretive consider context and subjectivity as most important are factual. Post modernists usually are open to philosophies, which rarely support one particular view. Modernists typically believe that subjectivity understands bias, and bias is precisely what science seeks to eradicate in pursuit of the rational ideals of modernism. The need to understand the differences in application of each perspective is needed to evaluate the results and outcome of methods used in the organization. Tsoukas and Knudsen (2005) suggest that modernist perspective implies the importance of generalization of concepts and categories as they relate to the particulars of experiences that occur within organizations. As a consequence, visible end-states and outcomes are elevated over processes of change. According only the basic epistemological assumptions that provide inspiration, precision, and accuracy as these concepts represent and explain the social phenomena of organizations. Integrating modernist and postmodernist perspective approaches are used to evaluate the management style, and culture, as organizations define specific concepts that set them apart from other organizations in their industry, Cui, Tamma, and Bellifemine (1999), states that ontology has been studied by many projects both in academia and industry. Most of these projects provide some level of ontology development support. The need to understand the differences in application of each perspective is needed to evaluate the results and outcome of methods used in the organization. To analyze the methodological differences between the two theoretical approaches, epistemological, and ontological, Jenz (2003) suggest defines core business process management ontology is applicable in industries and organizations around the globe. Jenz (2003) defines basic concepts that can be found and needed in every organization regardless of industry, such as resource, organization, resource, organization unit, role, business process, and business rule are components of all organizations. While Cui, Tamma and Bellifemine 1999) contend that ontologies are considered as a vehicle to make the meanings of terms explicit so that information can be shared with minimal misunderstanding. Identifying the effects of the three perspective and the assumptions within the management of an organization can enhance the overall quality of an organization. Barker and Mone (1998) contend that failure to identify these changes within an organization will result in less than favorable results. Barker and Mone (1998) suggest as changes occur within organizations during turnaround phase will result in different outcomes. As an organization changes from management perspective to another, and how that change is managed within the organization will affect organization is different ways. Based on Barker and Mone (1998) research declining organization often experience mechanistic structural changes that centralize authority, increase reliance on formalized procedures, and reduce the flow of information from top management down to employees. As these changes occur, the need to change from one theoretical perspective to another can be a challenge. When these changes are ignored, the end result reduces the organizations capability to make innovative organizational decisions that could result in demise to the organization. Barker and Mone (1998) contend that when changes occur with the corporate structure such as acquisition, and or acquiring other entities from other organization, harvesting or liquidating internal controls, changing priorities, and traditional, all require evaluating the perspective of the organization. Barker and Mone (1998) conclude that during change the symbolic interpretive perspective reveals just how fragile an organization can become; and dependent on its employees for survival. Employees can make or break a company. Hatch (with Cunliffe) (2006), presents two types of management systems introduced by Burns and Stalker; mechanistic and organic. These management systems are used to define the stability or instability of an environment. According to Burns and Stalker, during stable environments, mechanistic organizations outperform organic organizations, while unstable environments organic organizations tend to be more successful. Due to the complexity of some organization in terms of horizontal and vertical management structure, the greater the need to communication effectively, especially during phases of integration according to Hatch (with Cunliffe), (2006). In summary, the study of OT is one of the most useful sciences that involve theories that encompass the study of organization from multiple viewpoints, methods, and level of analysis. The interpretations of theoretical perspectives are not cast in stone, they are ways to think, and stimulate different thoughts (Hatch (with Cunliffe), 2006). Each perspective has a different approach concerning the structure, culture or even the technology, which applied to the social structure of an organization. If left unchecked, the results may be detrimental to the stakeholders, managers, and employees. Managers can approach problems within an organization to assist them in creating more possibilities for designing and managing their organizations, to include a better understanding of organizational social structures that lead to effective decision making capabilities. This research has been presented as an attempt to define and explain how multiple perspective approaches (modernist, symbolic interpretive, post-modernist) assist in achieving a more comprehensive understanding of complex organizational phenomena. References Barker, V. L. , Mone, M. A. (1998). The Mechanistic structure shift and strategic reorientation in declining firms attempting turnover. Human Relations. Vol. 51. No. 10. Retrieved July 25, 2011, from the AB/Inform Global Database. Burns, B. , Cooper, C. West, P. (2003). Organizational learning: the new management paradigm? Management Decision. Vol. 41. Pg. 452. 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